ODAK — short for the Turkish "Odyolojik Değerlendirme Araçları Kataloğu" (Catalog of Audiological Assessment Tools), and also the Turkish word for "focus" — is a platform that brings together assessment tools developed in the field of audiology whose validity and reliability studies have been completed. Intended to contribute to audiological assessment and research in Türkiye, this directory gathers resources that can be used in both academic and clinical practice.
82Assessment Tools
25Categories
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Aktiviteye Özgü Denge Güven Ölçeği – Türkçe Versiyon
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The ABC is a self-report scale measuring a person's confidence in keeping their balance during 16 indoor and outdoor daily activities. Each item is rated from 0% (no confidence) to 100% (complete confidence); the total score ranges 0–100, with higher scores indicating greater balance confidence. In the Turkish study of 106 older adults aged 65–88, administered in face-to-face interviews, Cronbach's α was 0.965 and test–retest ICC within 2 weeks was 0.997.
Altı Yaş Altı Çocukları İletişimsel Çıktı Odaklı Değerlendirme Ölçeği (FOCUS-34)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
FOCUS-34 is a 34-item parent-report measure of communicative participation in preschool children. It consists of two parts (23 and 11 items) and eight subscales distributed across the capacity and performance components of the ICF-CY. Items are rated on a seven-point scale and the total score ranges from 34 to 238, where a higher score indicates better communicative participation.
PediatricsSpeech & Language DevelopmentCommunication
Amsterdam İşitsel Yetersizlik ve Engellilik Anketi (T-AIADH)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The T-AIADH is a 30-item self-report scale, each item accompanied by a picture, that measures the everyday functional impact of hearing loss. Items cover five domains: sound discrimination, sound localization, speech intelligibility in quiet, speech intelligibility in noise and sound detection. Responses are scored on a 4-point scale (0–3; the music-related items 18 and 30 are reverse scored), giving a total of 0–90, with higher scores indicating greater hearing problems. In the Turkish study (120 adults with hearing loss, 120 normal-hearing adults) total α was 0.98, domain-level test–retest ICCs were 0.93–0.997, and the scale discriminated the two groups.
Avrupa Vertigo Değerlendirme Ölçeği – Türkçe Versiyonu (EEV-TR)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The EEV-TR is a five-item, clinician-rated scale assessing vertigo and imbalance symptoms over the previous week. Items cover the sensation of vertigo, its duration, discomfort from movement, nausea-vomiting and instability; each is scored 0–4, giving a total of 0–20, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. In the Turkish study (100 patients) Cronbach's α was 0.712 and 4-week test–retest ICC was 0.835; scores correlated significantly with the Vertigo Symptom Scale and discriminated BPPV at a moderate-to-high level.
The DSTS-S is a 31-item self-report screening scale developed to distinguish the three subtypes of decreased sound tolerance: hyperacusis (12 items), phonophobia (5 items) and misophonia (14 items). Each section is scored separately on a 0 (never) to 3 (always) scale, higher scores indicate greater symptom severity, and the section with the highest score points to the primary subtype. In 257 normal-hearing adults, section-level Cronbach's α values were 0.775–0.938, and screening cut-offs were ≥ 7 for hyperacusis, ≥ 1 for phonophobia and ≥ 4 for misophonia.
The Dizziness Handicap Inventory is a 25-item self-report tool that assesses the impact of dizziness and unsteadiness on daily life. It has three subscales: physical, emotional and functional. Items are answered “yes” (4), “sometimes” (2) or “no” (0); the total score ranges from 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates greater handicap. The Turkish version was studied in 178 patients with dizziness complaints over the previous month, with subscale Cronbach's alpha values between 0.67 and 0.82.
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Meniere Yetersizlik Ölçeği
Questionnaire/ScaleOriginal (Türkiye)On request
The DEU-MDDS is a 32-item, Ménière's disease-specific scale assessing disability both during attacks (8 items) and between attacks (24 items). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never to 5 = always); subscale and total scores are expressed as a percentage of maximum disability, with higher scores indicating greater disability. In 93 patients with definite Ménière's disease, Cronbach's α was 0.92 and test–retest ICC at two days was 0.899.
Duke-Vanderbilt Mizofoni Tarama Anketi (DVMSQ) – Türkçe Sürümü
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
This questionnaire was developed to screen for and assess the symptoms of misophonia (decreased tolerance to specific sounds and the intense negative emotional, physiological and behavioral reactions those sounds trigger). It comprises 18 items and uses a 5-point Likert-type scoring. The scale includes two subdimensions: symptom frequency and impairment. Total scores range from 0–68 (item 3 does not contribute to the total score); a higher score indicates greater misophonia severity.
The YANS-Tr is a 19-item self-report scale measuring adolescents' attitudes toward noise and loud sound. Items are scored from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree); the four factors cover attitudes related to youth culture, the ability to concentrate in noisy environments, day-to-day noises, and attitudes that influence the sound environment. Higher mean scores indicate a more positive attitude toward noise. In 345 Turkish high-school students the four-factor structure was retained (total α = 0.79; mean score 2.68), although some items loaded on different factors and the reliability of the second factor was low (α = 0.34).
Görsel Olarak Tetiklenen Hareket Hastalığına Yatkınlık Anketi
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
This scale was developed to measure individuals' susceptibility to motion sickness (VIMS) experienced when exposed to visual stimuli (virtual reality, simulators, smartphones, etc.). It consists of 3 parts: 1) the severity of five core symptoms (nausea, headache, dizziness, fatigue, eye strain), 2) the frequency of avoiding technological devices due to these symptoms, 3) an open-ended listing of triggering devices. Scoring ranges from 0–18; a higher score indicates greater susceptibility.
The Turkish ABEL is a 24-item parent-completed scale assessing everyday auditory behavior in hearing-impaired children aged 4–14 who use hearing aids or cochlear implants. For each item, parents select the option that best describes their child's behavior over the past week; items group into three factors: auditory–oral skills, auditory awareness and social/conversational skills. In the Turkish study, Cronbach's α for the total scale was 0.938, and item-level and total-score test–retest correlations exceeded 0.9.
Hearing LossQuality of Life
Corresponding author: Özge Selen Avcı CanDetails →
Günlük Yaşamda Amplifikasyondan Memnuniyet Anketi (SADL-TR)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The SADL is a 15-item self-report tool that assesses hearing aid users' satisfaction with their devices. It has four subscales: positive effect, negative features, service and cost, and personal image. Items are rated on a seven-point scale; the global score is the mean of all 15 items and subscale scores are the means of their items (1–7), with a higher score indicating greater satisfaction. The Turkish version was studied in 160 adults who had used hearing aids regularly for at least six months, and the original four-factor structure was retained.
The ABEL is a 24-item parent-report scale assessing everyday auditory behavior in children aged 4–14 with hearing loss. Items refer to the previous week and are scored from 0 (never) to 6 (always), with item 11 reverse coded and higher scores indicating better auditory behavior; the three subscales are auditory–oral, auditory awareness and social/conversational skills. In the Turkish study (parents of 130 children with cochlear implants and 126 typically hearing children) total α was 0.93 and test–retest ICCs were 0.92–0.96; item 11 was dropped from the factor model and the scale discriminated the two groups.
The HEAR-QL-26 is a 26-item self-report questionnaire assessing the effect of hearing loss on children's quality of life. Items are grouped into three subscales (environment, activities, feelings); five-option responses (never = 100 … almost always = 0) are converted to a 0–100 scale, with higher scores indicating better hearing-related quality of life. In the Turkish study (249 children) total α was 0.973 and 2-week test–retest ICC was 0.980; the scale discriminated children with and without hearing loss (AUC = 0.984).
The HEAR-QL-28 is a 28-item self-report questionnaire assessing the effect of hearing loss on adolescents' quality of life. Items are grouped into four subscales (hearing situations, social interactions, school difficulties, feelings); five-option responses are converted to a 0–100 scale, with higher scores indicating better hearing-related quality of life. In the Turkish study (249 adolescents) total α was 0.977 and 2-week test–retest ICC was 0.973; the scale discriminated adolescents with and without hearing loss (AUC = 0.972).
The TPFQ is a 20-item self-report questionnaire assessing the functional impact of tinnitus in four areas. The concentration, emotion, hearing and sleep subscales each contain five items, and every item is rated from 0 (completely disagree) to 100 (completely agree). In 103 adults with tinnitus lasting more than three months, total α was 0.88 (subscales 0.67–0.86), and total and subscale scores correlated with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
The İÇ-TDA is a 116-item tool assessing the Turkish language development of bilingual children aged 12–72 months, administered individually by an examiner through play-based activities. Items are distributed over 10 age bands and cover phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics; items that cannot be observed are asked of the parent. Each item is scored 0/1, the examiner drops to the previous band if 6 or more items are failed in the starting band, and the sum gives a Turkish language development score. In 772 children, KR-20 values ranged from 0.15 to 0.92 across age bands, with low reliability in the youngest bands.
Speech & Language Development
Corresponding author: Hilal Genç Çopur, Ümmühan Akpınar Afşin, Mehmet Akif İnciDetails →
The IOI-HA is a 7-item self-report inventory that evaluates the outcome of hearing aid use across seven domains: daily use, benefit, residual activity limitation, satisfaction, residual participation restriction, impact on others and quality of life. Each item is rated 1–5; the total score ranges from 7 to 35, with higher scores indicating a better outcome (22 or above is read as significant benefit and satisfaction). In the Turkish study (n = 45 adults) a unifactorial structure and adequate internal consistency (α = 0.77–0.78) were found.
The Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB) is a scale that assesses the hearing-related difficulties hearing aid users experience in various everyday situations and the extent to which these difficulties are resolved by hearing aid use. The questionnaire comprises 24 items in total and assesses four subscales: Ease of Communication (EC), Background Noise (BN), Reverberation (RV) and Aversiveness (AV).
İşitme Engeli Ölçeği – Erişkin (İEÖ-E) - Uzun ve Tarama Formları
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The HHI-A is a 25-item self-report scale that measures the perceived handicap caused by hearing loss in adults, with a 12-item social and a 13-item emotional subscale. Items are scored No (0), Sometimes (2) or Yes (4); the total ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater perceived handicap. A 10-item screening form (0–40) is also available. In the Turkish study (n = 140, aged 18–64) the long form showed α = 0.94 and a test–retest ICC of 0.97, and total scores correlated with pure-tone average (r = 0.53).
İşitme Engeli Ölçeği – Yaşlı (İEÖ-Y) - Uzun ve Tarama Formları
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The HHI-E is a 25-item self-report scale that assesses the social (12 items) and emotional (13 items) difficulties older adults experience because of hearing loss. Items are answered No (0), Sometimes (2) or Yes (4); the total ranges from 0 to 100, and higher scores indicate greater perceived handicap. A 10-item screening form (0–40) is also available. In the Turkish study (n = 147, aged 65 and over) internal consistency was α = 0.95 for the long form and α = 0.87 for the screening form, and the two forms correlated highly (r = 0.96).
İşitme Kayıplı Çocuklarda Sosyal İletişim Becerileri Kontrol Listesi (SİBKL) – Türkçe Sürümü
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
This checklist was developed to assess the social-language (pragmatic) skills of children with hearing loss. It comprises 45 items in total, and responses are recorded using 4-point Likert-type categories (does not yet do it; without using words; using 1 to 3 words; using complex language). It is administered based on information from the family (parent report) and has a single-factor structure.
The EMO-CHeQ is a self-report questionnaire assessing a person's experience of perceiving emotion in speech and conveying their own emotion through the voice. The Turkish version has 13 items in two subscales (talkers and production; socioemotional well-being), answered on a 1–5 Likert scale. In the Turkish study (n = 460 adults with normal hearing, hearing aids or cochlear implants) total internal consistency was α = 0.95 and the groups differed significantly.
İşitsel İmplant Ses Kalitesi İndeksi Anketi (HISQUI19)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The HISQUI19 is a 19-item self-report questionnaire assessing the auditory benefit and sound quality adult cochlear implant users experience in everyday listening. Each item is rated 1–7 (non-applicable items are treated as missing); the total score ranges from 19 to 133, with higher scores indicating better perceived sound quality. In the Turkish study (n = 62 cochlear implant users) internal consistency was α = 0.94 and test–retest r = 0.71, and the total score correlated strongly with the SSQ49 (r = 0.75).
This questionnaire was developed to assess individuals' ability to identify the source of sound (localization) under different listening conditions (noisy and quiet environments) and the psychological effects of this. The scale comprises 24 items in total and includes subdomains such as "traffic," "outdoor," "indoor" and "psychological impact." A 5-point Likert-type scoring (1=Never, 5=Always) is used; a higher score reflects greater difficulty with auditory localization.
The Khalfa Hyperacusis Questionnaire is a self-report tool for hypersensitivity to sound; only its second part is scored, with 14 items in three subscales: attentional (4), social (6) and emotional (4). Items are scored 0–3, the total ranges from 0 to 42, and higher scores indicate more hyperacusis. In the Turkish study (n = 529) internal consistency was α = 0.81, and a score of 29 or above was proposed as the criterion for hyperacusis.
Koklear İmplant Yaşam Kalitesi Değerlendirme Araçları (KiYaKa)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationIn publication
KiYaKa is the Turkish adaptation of the CIQOL-35 Profile (35 items) and CIQOL-10 Global (10 items), which assess quality of life in adult cochlear implant users. The CIQOL-35 Profile scores six domains separately (communication, emotional, entertainment, environment, listening effort, social), while the CIQOL-10 Global gives a brief overall measure of cochlear implant-related quality of life. In the original instruments, higher scores indicate better functioning. The Turkish validity and reliability study is in the publication process; psychometric results will be added once it is published.
Cochlear Implant
Corresponding author: Ahmet Alperen AkbulutDetails →
This scale assesses parents' views on the impact of cochlear implants on their child's life across 10 domains (communication, general functioning, self-reliance, well-being and happiness, social relationships, education, implantation process, effects of implantation, implantation decision, supporting the child). The Turkish version has 73 items answered on a 5-point Likert scale. In a study of parents of 378 children aged 2–18, the original ten-domain structure was confirmed, test–retest correlation was 0.875 and domain α values ranged from 0.24 to 0.68.
Konuşma, Uzaysal Algı ve İşitme Kalitesi (KUİK) Ölçeği
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The SSQ is a 49-item self-report scale assessing hearing in complex everyday listening situations across three subscales: speech perception, spatial perception and qualities of hearing. Each item is rated 0–10 (10 = can do perfectly in the situation described); the overall score is the mean of all 49 items and subscale scores are the means of their items, with higher scores indicating better hearing. In the Turkish study (n = 114 adults) internal consistency was α = 0.984 and four-week test–retest r = 0.994.
Speech PerceptionSpatial HearingSound & Hearing QualityQuality of Life
The LEESPQ is a parent-report questionnaire that assesses pre-verbal speech production development in infants from birth to 18 months. It consists of 22 yes/no questions, some with sub-questions that do not count toward the total score. The total score can be interpreted as the child's developmental age for speech production. The Turkish version established expected and minimum scores for each monthly age interval from 222 hearing infants, with high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94).
Meadow-Kendall Sağır ve İşitme Engelli Öğrenciler İçin Sosyal-Duygusal Değerlendirme Envanteri
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
This inventory was developed to assess the socio-emotional adjustment of school-age (7–21 years) deaf and hearing-impaired students. It is an observation form completed by teachers or educators who have observed the student for at least 8 weeks. It comprises 59 items in total and has three subdimensions: Social Adjustment (23 items), Self-Image (23 items) and Emotional Adjustment (13 items). The items aim to describe positive classroom and school behaviors.
MisoQuest is a 14-item self-report questionnaire that assesses misophonia, a decreased tolerance to specific sounds. Items are rated on a five-point Likert scale, no item is reverse scored and the total score ranges from 14 to 70. A higher score indicates more pronounced misophonia symptoms, and a score of 61 or above is used as the threshold for misophonia. The Turkish version yielded a three-factor structure: emotional reactions, anger and avoidance, and functionality.
The Misophonia Assessment Questionnaire (MAQ) is a 21-item self-report tool assessing the negative impact of misophonia on quality of life, its severity, and how often negative thoughts and feelings occur. Items are scored 0–3; the total ranges from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more severe misophonia (0–11 subclinical, 12–24 mild, 25–37 moderate, 38–50 severe, 51–63 extremely severe). In the Turkish study (n = 210 adults with misophonia complaints) a four-factor structure was found, with α = 0.94 and test–retest ICC = 0.97.
The Misophonia Questionnaire is a self-report tool measuring the presence of misophonia symptoms (7 items) and the emotions and behaviors triggered by exposure to trigger sounds (10 items); the 17 scored items are rated 0–4 and the total ranges from 0 to 68, with higher scores indicating more symptoms and negative reactions. An additional unscored section rates overall severity of sound sensitivity from 1 to 15 (7 or above is clinically significant). In the Turkish study (n = 638 university students) a three-factor structure was found, with α = 0.89 and test–retest r = 0.78.
MisophoniaDecreased Sound Tolerance
Corresponding author: Merve Deniz SakaryaDetails →
The Music-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire is a self-report measure of music perception, musical engagement and their impact on quality of life in adult cochlear implant users. It has two parts: each music perception and music engagement item is rated for how often it occurs (frequency scale) and how important it is (importance scale) on a 5-point Likert scale. In the Turkish study (161 implant users, 162 normal-hearing adults), 17 frequency and 18 importance items were retained, a two-subscale structure was confirmed for both parts, and normal-hearing adults scored significantly higher than implant users on the frequency scale.
Cochlear ImplantSound & Hearing QualityQuality of Life
Corresponding author: Ahmet Alperen AkbulutDetails →
Developed to assess the quality of life of cochlear implant users, the Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire (Tr-NCIQ) consists of 60 items. These 60 items are grouped into six subdomains: basic sound perception, advanced sound perception, speech production, self-esteem, activity, and social interactions.
Ortam Sesi Tercihleri ve Dinleme Alışkanlıkları Ölçeği (Tr-OSTDA)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
This scale was developed to assess individuals' preferences for ambient sounds and their listening habits; it particularly aims to provide the specialist with additional person-specific information during the hearing aid fine-tuning (fitting) process. It comprises 23 items in total and uses a 5-point Likert-type scoring. The original scale covers dimensions such as annoyance/distraction from background noise, the importance of sound quality, noise sensitivity, avoidance of unexpected sounds, openness to loud/new sounds, preference for warm sound, and sensitivity to ambient-sound/music detail.
The Pediatric Vanderbilt Fatigue Scale (VFS-Peds) assesses listening-related fatigue in children aged 6–17 years with hearing loss through three forms: child self-report (10 items), parent proxy (12 items; mental and physical subscales) and teacher proxy (8 items). Items are rated for frequency in a typical week from 0 (never) to 4 (almost always), and higher scores indicate greater fatigue. The original study reported good test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.72–0.90); the Turkish forms were translated at Hacettepe University.
Hearing LossQuality of LifeListening EffortListening Difficulties
The Pediatric Hyperacusis Questionnaire Parent Form is an 11-item scale adapted from the Khalfa Hyperacusis Questionnaire and completed by parents of children aged 6–17 years. Items are scored yes (2), sometimes (1) or no (0); the total ranges from 0 to 22, and higher scores indicate greater likelihood of hyperacusis. In the Turkish study of 110 parents, a two-factor structure (effects of hyperacusis; coping and social relations) was confirmed and Cronbach's α was 0.82.
Pediatrik Koklear İmplantasyon Sonrası İletişim Becerilerinin Değerlendirilmesi Ölçeği (PKİİB)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
This scale was developed to assess the real-world verbal communication performance (receptive and expressive language) of children aged 2–6 who use a cochlear implant. It is a 23-item scale completed by a parent or caregiver and uses 5-point Likert-type scoring (Never, Rarely, Sometimes, Often, Always).
Cochlear ImplantPediatricsCommunicationQuality of Life
The Pediatric Vestibular Symptom Questionnaire is an 11-item measure of subjective vestibular symptoms such as dizziness and imbalance in children aged 6–17 years. Items are scored from 0 (never) to 3 (most of the time); ten items are normalized to a 0–3 range excluding 'don't know' answers, and higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. In the Turkish study (52 children with dizziness, 40 healthy controls) the two-factor structure (dizziness, balance) was confirmed, Cronbach's α was 0.89, and a cut-off of 0.35 gave 88.5% sensitivity and 95% specificity.
The Preschool Language Scale-5 (PLS-5) is an individually administered test used to determine whether children aged 0 to 7 years 11 months have a language delay or disorder. The test assesses children's receptive language (auditory comprehension) and expressive language (communication) skills through two separate standard scales. In addition to these scales, it includes supplementary measures such as an Articulation Screener and a Home Communication Questionnaire. Through this study conducted in Türkiye, the test was translated and adapted into Turkish, with validity and reliability analyses conducted, and released as the "Turkish Preschool Language Scale-5" (TPLS-5).
Auditory RehabilitationSpeech & Language Development
The Listening Inventory for Education-Revised (LIFE-R) is used to screen for central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) by capturing listening difficulties in classroom and social situations from both the student's and the teacher's perspective. The student form includes a 15-item, 5-point Likert listening-difficulty appraisal, a 15-item 'most challenging listening skills' scale and self-advocacy questions; the teacher form includes a 15-item listening-difficulty appraisal. In the Turkish study of 115 students aged 9–18 years and their teachers, Cronbach's α was 0.84 and 0.85 for the student scales and 0.64 for the teacher scale.
The Skarzynski Tinnitus Scale is a 14-item self-report tool that assesses the impact of tinnitus on daily life, psychological state and coping. It has three subscales: functional, psychological and coping. Items are rated on a five-point Likert scale (items 3, 6 and 12 are reverse-scored); the total is converted to a 0–100 score, and a higher score indicates a greater negative impact of tinnitus. In the Turkish study of 143 adults, test–retest reliability was high (ICC = 0.95) and the scale correlated strongly with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (r = 0.92).
The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) is a 25-item self-report tool that assesses tinnitus-related handicap across emotional, functional and catastrophic subscales. Items are answered “yes” (4), “sometimes” (2) or “no” (0); the total score ranges from 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates greater handicap. The Turkish study adapted the full 25-item form (beta version) by Newman and colleagues; internal consistency was high in 110 patients (α = 0.88). A 10-item screening version (THI-S) also exists, but no Turkish validation of it was found.
The Tinnitus Acceptance Questionnaire is a 12-item self-report tool that assesses acceptance of tinnitus and engagement in daily activities despite tinnitus. Items are rated on a seven-point Likert scale (0–6), eight items are reverse scored and the total score ranges from 0 to 72, where a higher score indicates a greater level of acceptance. The Turkish version yielded a three-factor structure.
The Mini Tinnitus Questionnaire (Mini-TQ, TQ 12-T) is a self-report measure that rapidly assesses tinnitus-related psychological distress using 12 items selected from the full Tinnitus Questionnaire. Items are scored 0 (not true), 1 (partly true) or 2 (true); the total score ranges from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater distress. In the Turkish study (120 patients with tinnitus), two subscales (health anxiety and cognitive distress) emerged, Cronbach's α was 0.87, test–retest ICC was 0.96, and scores correlated strongly with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (r = 0.985).
TR-MUSHRA: Türkçeye Uyarlanmış Çoklu Uyaranlı Ses Kalitesi Değerlendirme Aracı
TestAdaptationOn request
TR-MUSHRA is a listening test developed to assess cochlear implant users’ perceptions of sound quality. Participants compare perceived sound quality by rating different audio samples with the same sentence content on a scale of 0–100. The tool has been adapted into Turkish to ensure cultural and linguistic appropriateness.
Sound & Hearing QualityCochlear ImplantHearing Loss
This is an Android screening app for assessing dichotic listening. Spectrally matched pairs of three- and four-word Turkish sentences, spoken by female and male voices, are presented simultaneously to both ears. After 5 practice pairs, the test has ten pairs each for directed right-ear, directed left-ear and undirected listening; the listener selects the sentences heard on screen, and results are calculated as percent correct for each ear and condition. In a study of 30 young (18–40 years) and 30 older (55–70 years) adults, young adults scored significantly higher.
The Test of Early Language Development (TEDİL) is the Turkish- and Turkish-culture-adapted version of the assessment tool originally titled "Test of Early Language Development-Third Edition (TELD-3)." The test was developed to assess the early verbal language development of children aged 2–7. Its main aims are to identify children who are markedly behind their peers in language development, to determine an individual's linguistic strengths and weaknesses, and to guide a possible therapy program.
Auditory RehabilitationSpeech & Language Development
The T-EEAS is a 10-item self-report tool that assesses perceived listening effort in quiet and in noise. Items are rated on a 0–10 visual analogue scale; the total score is the mean of the ten items, with separate quiet (4 items) and noise (6 items) subscales. Scores range from 0 to 10, where a higher score indicates greater listening effort. The Turkish validation confirmed the two-factor structure.
The HINT-TR is a sentence test that adaptively measures the reception threshold for sentences in quiet and the signal-to-noise ratio needed to understand speech in noise. Testing is done in four conditions: quiet, noise front, noise right and noise left, and results are reported as thresholds in dB. The Turkish adaptation was published in 2008; updated norms were obtained in 2026 from 30 adults with normal hearing, tested with headphones and loudspeakers in a quiet, non-sound-treated clinic room.
The T-DIN is a digits-in-noise hearing screening test developed as an Android smartphone app. Triplets of Turkish digits 0–9, spoken by a male voice, are presented in white noise; the first three of 23 triplets are practice items. The signal-to-noise ratio is adapted in 2 dB steps, responses are entered on an on-screen keypad, and the test takes under 5 minutes. In 100 adults, groups with mild sensorineural and mixed hearing loss scored significantly lower than listeners with normal hearing.
Speech PerceptionNoiseHearing ScreeningHearing Loss
Türkçe Hızlı Gürültüde Konuşma Testi (QuickSIN-TR)
TestAdaptationOn request
The QuickSIN-TR is a speech test that quickly measures difficulty understanding speech in noise as signal-to-noise ratio loss (SNR loss). Each list contains six sentences written for Turkish phonology, each with five key words; sentences are presented in multi-talker babble from 25 dB to 0 dB SNR in 5 dB steps. SNR loss is calculated from the number of key words repeated correctly (SNR loss = 28 − correct words), and one list takes about a minute. The Turkish version provides nine equivalent test lists and two practice lists.
The TİFALDİ Receptive Vocabulary subtest measures receptive word knowledge in children aged 2–12 years. On each item the child sees four pictures and points to the one matching the word spoken by the examiner; testing starts at an age-based item and stops after 8 errors within 10 consecutive items. Raw scores are converted to age-based standard scores (mean 100, SD 15). The final 104-item form has high internal consistency (α = 0.99) and a 15-day test–retest correlation of 0.97. Norms come from 3,293 children across Turkey.
Auditory RehabilitationSpeech & Language Development
TURMatrix is an adaptive matrix sentence test that measures the speech reception threshold (SRT) in noise and in quiet. Sentences are generated at random from a matrix of ten common Turkish words in each of five categories (name, number, adjective, object, verb), giving sentences with a fixed structure that cannot be predicted. Responses can be open-set (verbal repetition) or closed-set (selecting words on screen), and the result is reported as an SRT in dB SNR. In 38 Turkish adults with normal hearing, the adaptive SRT in noise was −7.2 ± 0.7 dB SNR with open-set and −7.9 ± 0.7 dB SNR with closed-set responses.
Türkçe Mobil Gerçek Gürültüde Konuşmayı Ayırt Etme Testi
TestOriginal (Türkiye)On request
This smartphone app assesses speech discrimination in real-world noise in children aged 8–12. Sixty spectrally balanced four-word sentences, compiled from Ministry of National Education textbooks, are presented in classroom, shopping-mall and amusement-park noise. Noise is fixed at 40, 60 or 80 dB while the speech level changes in 5 dB steps between −10 and +10 dB SNR depending on responses; the child selects the words heard from 16 shown on screen. The test takes about 15–20 minutes; in 50 children with normal hearing, scores were lowest in amusement-park noise.
The Test of Language Development (TODİL) is a comprehensive language test developed to measure the language development of school-age children across different dimensions. The test aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the language skills of children aged 4 years 0 months to 8 years 11 months and to distinguish children with developmental language disorder. TODİL assesses both receptive and expressive language skills within the framework of core grammatical components through nine subtests. These subtests include areas such as vocabulary, grammatical comprehension, sentence imitation and phonological awareness.
Auditory RehabilitationSpeech & Language Development
A word recognition test with three phonemically balanced lists built from the most frequent Turkish monosyllabic words. Each list contains 50 words and can be split into two phonemically balanced half-lists. In the development study, the lists were presented twice at six intensity levels to 36 young adults with normal hearing; there was no significant difference between lists, and internal reliability (KR-20) exceeded 98% for every list.
The International Tinnitus Inventory (ITI) is a brief 8-item self-report questionnaire covering the annoyance of tinnitus and its effect on hearing, health, sleep, inner peace, other people, activities and enjoyment of life. Each item is scored from 1 to 5, and a lower score indicates more troublesome tinnitus. In the Turkish study (125 adults) the unifactorial structure was confirmed, with high internal consistency (α = 0.91) and a very high test–retest correlation at a 15-day interval (r = 0.99).
The Spatial Hearing Questionnaire is a 24-item self-report tool that assesses spatial hearing abilities such as understanding speech in quiet and in noise and localising sound sources. Items are rated from 0 (not at all easy) to 100 (perfectly easy); the total score is the mean of the 24 items, and a higher score indicates better spatial hearing. Items can also be interpreted by domain, including speech in quiet and in noise, sound localisation, and different talkers and music. Internal consistency of the Turkish version was 0.94 in listeners with typical hearing and 0.97 in individuals with hearing loss.
The Vertigo Handicap Questionnaire is a 25-item self-report tool that assesses the psychosocial consequences of vertigo, including restriction of physical and social activities and anxiety related to fear of vertigo attacks. Each item is scored 0–4 according to how often the difficulty is experienced; some items are reverse-scored, and a higher score indicates greater handicap. The Turkish version was studied in 32 patients with vertigo and 30 healthy volunteers; internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α = 0.90) and patients scored significantly higher than controls.
The Vertigo Council Diagnosis Questionnaire is an original 10-question tool developed to support the differential diagnosis of common vestibular disorders in patients with chronic vestibular dysfunction. The questions were drafted by otolaryngologists, neurologists and a physiatrist and revised based on the opinions of 15 specialist physicians. In the preliminary study, the content validity index was 0.676 and item test–retest agreement (kappa) ranged from 0.51 to 0.93, while agreement between the questionnaire-based and the actual diagnosis was moderate (63.2%; kappa = 0.441). The authors recommend that diagnosis rely on face-to-face interviews and clinical and laboratory evaluation rather than on the questionnaire alone.
Vertigo Semptom Skalası (VSS) ve Vertigo, Baş Dönmesi ve Dengesizlik Anketi (VDI)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS – Short Form) is a 15-item scale that assesses the frequency of vertigo symptoms, autonomic symptoms and somatization; items are scored from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). The Vertigo Dizziness Imbalance (VDI) questionnaire, meanwhile, comprises two subdimensions: the Symptom Scale (VDI-SS, 14 items) and the Quality of Life Scale (VDI-HQoL, 22 items). Items are scored from 0 (always) to 5 (never).
Vestibüler Aktiviteler ve Katılım Ölçeği (VAP) – Türkçe Sürümü
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
This scale was developed to assess the impact of dizziness and/or balance problems on an individual's ability to carry out daily activities and fulfill community-participation tasks. It is based on the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. It comprises 34 items in total; each item is scored according to ICF qualifiers (item scores are averaged, excluding "not applicable" responses), and a higher score indicates greater difficulty.
Vestibüler Bozukluklarda Günlük Yaşam Aktiviteleri Ölçeği
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living Scale (VADL) is a 28-item self-report measure of the difficulty that people with dizziness and imbalance have in daily activities, organised into Functional, Ambulation and Instrumental subscales. Each activity is rated from 1 (independent) to 10 (completely dependent); an activity the person does not perform is marked 'I do not do this activity' and excluded from scoring. In the Turkish study (175 adults) internal consistency was high (total α = 0.96) and test–retest correlation was r = 0.93.
Vestibüler Migren Hasta Değerlendirme Aracı ve Engellilik Envanteri (VM-PATHI)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
VM-PATHI is a 25-item self-report tool that assesses the symptom severity of vestibular migraine and its impact on daily life. It comprises six subscales: cognition, emotion and sense of being overwhelmed, disequilibrium and central audiovestibular disturbance, anxiety, motion sensitivity, and headache equivalents. Items are rated from 0 to 4 and the total score ranges from 0 to 100, where a higher score indicates more severe symptoms. The Turkish version established a cut-off score of 48.
This questionnaire was developed as a screening tool for the diagnosis of vestibular migraine in patients with recurrent vestibular complaints (dizziness). It consists of 8 short and simple questions answered as "Yes/No" and can be self-completed by the patient. It is designed for rapid screening in primary care, dizziness and migraine clinics. Agreement between questionnaire-based and clinical diagnosis is high (agreement 83.3%; kappa = 0.666); sensitivity is 82.8%, specificity 83.9%, and test-retest reliability is good to excellent (kappa 0.71–0.87).
The VRBQ is a 22-item self-report questionnaire that evaluates the benefit of vestibular rehabilitation: respondents compare the effect of dizziness on a typical day in the past week with their own 'normal' state. Items are answered on 7-point verbal scales and raw scores are converted to percentages; 0 indicates the best (normal) state and 100 the furthest from 'normal'. It has two main subscales, symptoms (dizziness, anxiety, motion-provoked dizziness) and health-related quality of life. In the Turkish study of 110 patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction, internal consistency was high (total α = 0.91) and test–retest reliability excellent (ICC = 0.94).
VestibularVestibular RehabilitationQuality of Life
This scale was developed to determine individuals' subjective reactions to noise in daily life and their level of noise sensitivity. The scale comprises 21 items in total. A 6-point Likert-type scoring (1=Strongly agree, 6=Strongly disagree) is used in the assessment. A higher total score indicates greater noise sensitivity.
Noise
Corresponding author: Yusuf Kemal KemaloğluDetails →
Yeni Doğan İşitme Tarama Programı için Ebeveyn Memnuniyet Anketi
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
This questionnaire measures parents' satisfaction with the newborn hearing screening program their baby has gone through. The 22 Likert-type items are rated from 1 to 5 (5 = strongly agree), some are reverse-coded, and three open-ended questions collect suggestions. Items fall into four dimensions: information, screening staff, screening process/appointment, and overall satisfaction. In the Turkish study, 193 mothers took part, 75% of parents were satisfied overall, and internal consistency was acceptable (α = 0.78).
The Vanderbilt Fatigue Scale for Adults (VFS-A-40) is a 40-item self-report scale that assesses listening-related fatigue, particularly in people with hearing loss. Thirty-one items are rated for frequency and nine for agreement on 0–4 scales, and completion takes about 10 minutes. The total score ranges from 0 to 160, with higher scores indicating more fatigue; the cognitive, emotional, physical and social subscales each contain 10 items (0–40). In the Turkish study of 577 adults aged 18–75, internal consistency was very high (total α = 0.987), test–retest reliability was good to excellent (ICC = 0.918), and the data fit a single-factor model.
Hearing LossListening EffortListening DifficultiesQuality of Life
Yetişkinler için Vanderbilt Yorgunluk Ölçeği Kısa Formu
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The VFS-A-10 is the 10-item brief form of the Vanderbilt Fatigue Scale for Adults, used to quickly assess listening-related fatigue in adults with hearing loss. Items are rated for weekly frequency from 0 (never) to 4 (always) and the total score ranges from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating more frequent fatigue. In the Turkish study of 286 adults aged 18–70 (160 with hearing loss), internal consistency was very high (α = 0.973) and two-week test–retest reliability was high (ICC = 0.92).
Hearing LossQuality of LifeListening EffortListening Difficulties
The ERSA is a 20-item self-report questionnaire that assesses the impact of acquired hearing loss on adults' daily lives. It has four subscales: quality of life, personal life, social life and professional life. Each item consists of three statements scored 0, 5 or 10, where 0 is the most difficult situation and 10 the optimal one, so lower scores indicate a greater negative impact of hearing loss. The total is out of 200 for employed people (ERSA/200) and out of 150, without the professional subscale, for those who are unemployed or retired (ERSA/150). In the Turkish study of 200 participants, internal consistency was high (α = 0.92–0.94) and test–retest reliability excellent (ICC = 0.94–0.95).
Çocuklar için Evde Dinleme Güçlükleri Envanteri (C.H.I.L.D)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The C.H.I.L.D is a 15-item inventory that assesses children's listening difficulties at home and in daily life, such as noisy or crowded places, distant sound sources and degraded auditory signals. The family member form (C.H.I.L.D-FM, ages 3–12) is completed by parents and the child form (C.H.I.L.D-C, ages 8–12) by the children themselves. In each situation, hearing and understanding are rated from 1 (very difficult) to 8 (excellent); higher scores indicate fewer listening difficulties. In the Turkish study of 121 children with cochlear implants and 171 children with normal hearing, a single-factor structure was confirmed, internal consistency was very high (α = 0.98 family, 0.97 child), and the inventory discriminated between the two groups.
Çocuklar için Türkçe Gürültüde Konuşmayı Anlama Testi (HINT-C-TR)
TestAdaptationOn request
The HINT-C-TR measures sentence reception thresholds in quiet and in noise in children aged 6–12. It contains 12 phonemically balanced lists of ten sentences drawn from the adult Turkish HINT. Testing is done in quiet and with noise from the front, right and left, and spatial release from masking (SRM) can be calculated. The Turkish study established age-specific norms and correction factors from 62 children and 15 adults and found that children had not reached adult performance by age 12.
Çocuklar İçin İşitme Kaybı Yaşam Kalitesi Anketi (İŞYAK)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The İŞYAK (HEAR-QL) is a 26-item self-report scale that assesses the quality of life of children aged 7–12 with hearing loss. Items fall into three subscales: environment (13), activities (6) and emotions (7); children mark how often each item causes them problems, from 'never' to 'almost always'. Responses are converted to a 0–100 score, with higher scores indicating better quality of life. In the Turkish study of 115 children, internal consistency was high (total α = 0.937), test–retest reliability was good (r = 0.83), and the scale distinguished children with hearing loss from normal-hearing peers (cut-off score 93.5).
The ÇİAT is a test battery that assesses the auditory perception skills of Turkish-speaking children aged 2–15 with 17 subtests ordered from easy to difficult. The subtests fall into six categories: phoneme detection, pattern identification, closed-set speech identification (words, sentences, Mrs. Potato Head), auditory–visual integration, modified open-set and open-set (Turkish Sentence Test, Listen and Do). Raw scores are normalised to 0–100. In the psychometric study of 180 children, 100 of whom used cochlear implants, internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α = 0.913) and lists within each category were equivalent.
Çocuklarda İşitsel Performans Değerlendirme Ölçeği
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The CHAPS is a 36-item questionnaire completed by parents or teachers that screens for listening difficulties in children with normal hearing and supports the diagnostic assessment of central auditory processing disorder. Each item rates the child's difficulty relative to peers, from +1 ('less difficulty') to −5 ('cannot function at all'); scores are calculated for six subscales (noise, quiet, ideal, multiple inputs, auditory memory/sequencing and auditory attention) and a total. Lower (negative) scores indicate greater listening difficulty. In the Turkish study of 150 children aged 5–15, a six-factor structure (77.75% of variance explained) and very high internal consistency (α = 0.97) were found.
Çocukların İşitsel/Sözel Performansının Ebeveyn Değerlendirmesi Ölçeği (PEACH)
Questionnaire/ScaleAdaptationOn request
The PEACH is a 13-item rating scale in which parents evaluate the everyday auditory and oral performance of children using hearing aids or cochlear implants. The first two items concern device use and reactions to loud sounds and are not scored; the remaining items cover listening and communication in quiet (6 items) and noisy (5 items) situations. Items are rated from 0 (never) to 4 (always); quiet, noise and total scores are converted to percentages, and a higher score indicates better performance. The Turkish version showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.942) and test–retest reliability (r = 0.949).
The ETDQ-7 is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that assesses symptoms of Eustachian tube dysfunction over the past month, including ear pressure and pain, a clogged or muffled hearing sensation, ear symptoms during sinusitis or colds, crackling sounds and tinnitus. Each item is rated from 1 (no problem) to 7 (severe problem); the total score ranges from 7 to 49, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. In the Turkish study of 40 patients and 40 healthy controls, the questionnaire discriminated between the groups, internal consistency was acceptable (α = 0.714) and two-week test–retest reliability was good (r = 0.792).
Auditory Scene